Chemical composition of corn stover

Chemical composition of corn stover

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The inevitable depletion of fossil fuels has resulted in an increasing worldwide involvement in exploring alternative and sustainable energy sources. Lignocellulose, which is the most abundant biomass on world, is widely regarded as a promising raw material to produce fuel ethanol. Pretreatment is an essential step to disrupt the recalcitrance of lign...

Context i

... pretreatment, the corn stover was cutting into two-five cm pieces in length. The chemical composition of the corn stover (on dry out weight basis) was listed in Table 3. All experiments were performed in duplicate nether the same conditions. ...

Environmental factors like drought impact the quality of biomass entering a bioconversion process. Drought oft reduces the sugar content in lignocellulosic biomass, which could have economic impacts, especially when compounded with losses in dry biomass yield; however, the effects on conversion efficiency are non completely understood. This stu...

Abstract In club to confirm the contribution of delignification to the increase in lignocellulosic cellulose digestibility, several laboratory oxidative pretreatments under mild conditions, including alkaline-hydrogen peroxide (AP), 2-pace alkaline/peracetic acid (APAA) and sodium chlorite (SC) pretreatments were employed to achieve selective de...

For the effective utilization of rice husk, organosolv fractionation was investigated to separate iii master components (glucan, xylose, and lignin) with depression acid concentration. Reaction temperatures of 170–190 °C, ethanol concentrations of 50%–70% (five/v), and sulfuric acid concentrations of 0%–0.7% (w/five) were investigated, with the reaction time an...

Waste papers (paper, role paper, magazines and cardboard in this report) with fifty–73% (w/west oven dry weight) carbohydrate contents have considerable potential as raw materials for bioethanol production. A particle size reduction step of moisture blending prior to enzymatic hydrolysis of newspaper was found to increase the glucan conversion efficiency...

Background: New biorefinery concepts are necessary to bulldoze industrial use of lignocellulose biomass components. Xylan recovery before enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucan component is a way to add together value to the hemicellulose fraction, which can be used in papermaking, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Hemicellulose removal can also facilitate sub...

... Table three shows that some omit sure steps or change the club. For example, Liu et al. [62] ...

  • Delon Konan
  • Ekoun Koffi
  • Adama Ndao Adama Ndao
  • Eric Charles Peterson
  • Kokou Adjalle

Lignocellulosic biomass is both low cost and abundant, and unlike energy crops, tin can escape associated ethical dilemmas such every bit arable state apply and food security issues. However, their usage as raw textile in a biorefinery implies an inherent upstream pretreatment step to access compounds of involvement derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Importantly, the efficiency of this pace is determinant for the downstream processes, and while many pretreatment methods have been explored, extrusion is both a very flexible and promising engineering. Extrusion is well-known in both the polymer and pharmaceutical industries and has been used since the 18th century. However, as a pretreatment method for lignocellulosic biomass, extrusion is relatively new. The first employ for this purpose dates back to the 1990s. Extrusion enjoys a loftier degree of flexibility due to the many bachelor parameters, but an understanding of extrusion requires a knowledge of these parameters and the different relationships betwixt them. In this newspaper, we present a concise overview of lignocellulosic biomass extrusion by reviewing key extrusion parameters and their associated extruder pattern components and operating atmospheric condition.

... All results can therefore be expressed in terms of the functional unit. Figure 4 shows an instance pre-treatment process from a Liu et al. (2013)'due south newspaper. Now, step ii of the approach-data architecture-was developed. ...

... • Group i Terrestrial Acidification (TA), Freshwater Eutrophication (FrEu), Terrestrial Ecotoxicity (TecoX), Fig. four Pre-treatment process instance adapted from (Liu et al. 2013) Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...

The circular economy and its diverse recirculation loops have get a major study discipline over recent years, particularly in the field of agronomics, which is a pregnant source of waste product. At that place have been several studies focused on transforming agronomical lignocellulosic waste with "sustainable" processes: economically viable, socially accepted, and environmentally friendly. Thanks to "life cycle thinking", information technology is possible to assess these potential environmental impacts. Withal, these environmental analyses generally require a massive volume of specific data, the drove of which can be time-consuming and tedious, or impossible to exercise. On the other paw, scientific articles describing the processes for the valorization of agricultural by-products are intriguing but rarely exploited sources of data. In this newspaper, a hybridization of data science techniques and ecology assay was proposed to amend life bicycle assay (LCA) thanks to Machine Learning (ML). ML role of the proposed approach is based on unsupervised learning, which is composed of two methods: dimension reduction using the Multidimensional Scaling and clustering technique using one thousand-means. Composed of 5 steps and dedicated to researchers or R&D engineers, the arroyo is oriented towards offering a conclusion on technologies and processes for waste matter to energy in the early on eco-design pace. The case study in the domain of pre-handling processes for corn stover and rice straw is detailed. The results testify that all impacts that business organisation the chemic pollution of soil and water are found in the same cluster. Other impacts are detected in the same cluster which is related to the land employ and the country transformation. In the same vein, two purely mechanical pre-treatments take been identified and grouped by Multidimensional Scaling and k-ways. Graphical abstract

... Screw extrusion technology (SET), a well-known process mainly used in the food, plastic, and pharmaceutical industries (Rol et al. 2017), has emerged as an eco-friendly physical pretreatment exploited in lignocellulose biomass utilization (Liu et al. 2013;Lu et al. 2018). The improvement in accessibility and reactivity of lignocellulose is ascribed to the area and pore size of lignocellulose increasing under the synergistic effects of compression, shear forces, and estrus in spiral extrusion (Jiao and Xiong 2014). ...

Green and renewable cellulosic materials are considered promising candidates for replacing conventional petroleum-based plastics. Herein, alkaline metal extrusion pretreatment (AEP) assisted with acetylation was practical to set up a thermoplastic material with a loftier degree of acetylation (52.2%) and straight from lignocellulose biomass. AEP, utilized equally an innovative and industrial process, tin can efficiently nifty lignocellulose fibres, destroy their construction, and promote the accessibility of lignocellulose. To explore the mechanism of the AEP process on the transformation of lignocellulose polymorphism, the compositions and crystalline structure of all samples were characterized and analysed. The obtained acetylated lignocellulose possesses groovy thermal and thermoplastic properties (low glass transition temperature of 135 °C). In general, the proposed industrially-viable approach in this piece of work is conducive to developing a highly acetylated lignocellulose fabric via loftier-value utilization of the whole lignocellulose composition. Graphical abstract

... Also, there are other carbohydrates and components present in corn stover that are not described in Table 1. This result was found to be consistent with that of the corn stover analyzed in another report (Liu et al. 2013). Besides, the contents of corn stover were observed to exist almost in the range mentioned; cellulose xxx to 60%, hemicellulose xx to 40%, and lignin 15 to 25% (Dahadha et al. 2017;Avci et al. 2019). ...

Enzymatic saccharification of corn stover tin can be enhanced by partially replacing commercial enzymes with bacterial rough enzyme extracts. Thus, in this report, iii bacteria (Bacillus sp. A0, Bacillus sp. CH20S1, and Exiguobacterium sp. AS2B) were cultured in a media with corn stover every bit the substrate to produce crude enzyme excerpt and saccharify corn stover. The cultural weather were monitored and optimized to maximize CMCase and xylanase activity in the crude enzyme extracts. After 72 h of hydrolysis of corn stover with diluted crude enzymes (DCE) from the 3 strains, reducing sugars ranging from 48.2 to 71.vii mg g-1 were released from not-pretreated and pretreated corn stover. Furthermore, the maximum reducing sugars of 316 and 321 mg g-ane were observed when 12 and 4 FPU 1000-1 of commercial cellulase were added to the DCE of the CH20S1 strain, respectively. It was shown that an effective combination of bacterial DCE with commercial enzymes could reach higher saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass, which might be toll-efficient compared to their single-use. Overall, this study aims to show the enhanced enzymatic saccharification of corn stover.

... Example of pretreatment process adjusted for Liu et al.[53] ...

The use of circular economic system is becoming more than and more important, particularly in the field of agriculture, a major provider of waste. In particular, a lot of researches are being done to transform the lignocellulosic waste from agriculture through desired "sustainable" processes. Sustainable processes mean economically viable, socially accepted, and environmentally responsible processes. Thanks to the "life wheel thinking", it is possible to assess such potential environmental impacts. However, these environmental analyzes require a lot of specific data, whose collection can be long and tedious, or simply incommunicable in do. On the other hand, the huge amount of scientific articles describing the processes of valorization of co-products of agriculture constitutes a great, largely under-exploited source of information. Knowledge engineering (KE) tools can be used to compile processes and clarify them. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach, based on intensive data and KE methods, to aid a conclusion maker to choose between dissimilar pretreatment processes and different biomasses. The main goal is to develop an intensive, semi-automated information collection approach and an associated tool for aid with choices in a round economic system context. It is defined by five steps: (ane) goal and scope, (2) intensive data and knowledge and the allocation of flows and releasesstructuration and integration, (3) life cycle inventory (LCI), (four) sustainability assessment and (v) analysis and ranking. The study of 13 pretreatment processes of rice straw and corn stover validate our proposal. Graphic abstruse

... This may be resulting from a difference in lignin limerick between the two biomasses. Wheat straw has been shown to have more lignin (20% dry weight) (Liu et al. 2013) than corn stover (thirteen.8% dry weight) (Walker et al. 2018) and structural associates of the dissimilar lignocellulosic components accept been shown to be dissimilar also (Jia et al. 2013). In corn stover, lignin is concentrated in the corner of the cell wall which makes cellulose and hemicellulose more attainable to the enzymes (Zeng et al. 2017). ...

Purpose In this study, a combinatory approach was undertaken to assay the efficiency of fungal enzymatic cocktails from unlike fermentation weather condition to degrade unlike lignocellulosic biomasses with the aim of finely characterizing fungal enzymatic cocktails. Methods Enzymatic assays (AZO and pNP-linked substrates and ABTS) were used to assess the limerick of the fungal enzymatic cocktails for cellulase, xylanase and laccase activities. Comparisons were fabricated with a new range of chromogenic substrates based on circuitous biomass (CBS substrates). The saccharification efficiency of the cocktails was evaluated as a quantification of the saccharide monomers released from the unlike biomasses later incubation with the enzymatic cocktails. Results The results obtained showed hitting differences between the AZO and pNP-linked substrates and the CBS substrates for the same enzymatic cocktails. On AZO and pNP-linked substrates, different hydrolysis profiles were observed betwixt the different fungi species with Aspergillus oryzae existence the most efficient. However, the results on CBS substrates were more contrasted depending on the biomass tested. Birthday, the results highlighted that assessing laccase activities and taking into account the complexity of the biomass to dethrone were key in guild to provide the best enzymatic cocktails. Conclusion The complementary experiments performed in this study showed that different approaches needed to be taken in gild to accurately assess the power of an enzymatic cocktail to be efficient when it comes to lignocellulosic biomass degradation. The saccharification assay proved to be essential to validate the information obtained from both simple and circuitous substrates.

... Therefore, the effects of biopretreatment using the strain P3 on glucan, xylan and lignin contents of the pretreated corn stover were markedly different from nonpretreated corn stover (Table 1). The non-pretreated corn stover contained 26.82% glucan, 25.98% xylan and 21.ninety% acrid-insoluble lignin (Tabular array 1), which were like with the results obtained from previous research (Liu et al. 2013). Later on a 5-day pretreatment by the strain P3, the corn stover had a xylan content of 21.74% showing a pregnant decline and the content of glucan was increased to 31.54% (Tabular array i), indicating the xylan (hemicellulose) was first decomposed by the loftier-content xylanase (135.threescore U/g) produced by the strain P3, thus the cellulose would then be exposed to CMCase for further utilization (Polizeli et al. 2005). ...

The biological pretreatment for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomasses depends exclusively on the effective pretreatment process. Herein, we study a significant enhancement of enzymatic saccharification obtained with corn stover using a bacterial strain Bacillus sp. P3. The hemicellulose removal from corn stover past the strain Bacillus sp. P3 was evaluated for enhancing subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Therefore, our study revealed that an alkaline-resistant xylanase likewise as other enzymes produced past Bacillus sp. P3 in fermentation broth led to a essentially enhanced hemicellulose removal rate from corn stover within pH 9.36-9.68. Withal, after a 20-day pretreatment of corn stover by the strain P3, the glucan content was increased past 51% and the xylan content was decreased past 35%. After 72 h of saccharification using 20 U/g of commercial cellulase, the yield of reducing sugar released from 20-day pretreated corn stover was increased by 56% in comparison to the untreated corn stover. Therefore, the apply of the strain P3 could exist a promising approach to pretreat corn stover for enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis process of industrial bioenergy productions. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at ten.1186/s40643-021-00445-8.

... Extrusion is some other form of physical process used for lignocellulosic pretreatment; in this process, the LCM is passed through an extruder barrel, a high shear is exerted by the screw of the material, also high pressure and temperature are produced by the mechanical action, and this causes defribration, fibrillation, and shortening of the fibers. The speed, temperature (between 40-200°C), screw speed/ profile, and pressure are believed to cause an of import effect on the structure of the textile, as it is assumed that the correlation between all of them is the key of the complexity in the procedure (Karunanithy et al. 2012;Karunanithy and Muthukumarappan 2013;Liu et al. 2013). ...

The fucoxanthin is a high-added-value compound that corresponds to the category of carotenoids. It has been extracted from marine sources and for several unlike extraction methods in various countries. Fucoxanthin applications are in dissimilar areas, such as the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Yet, recent research has shown that fucoxanthin has anticancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, and neuroprotective activities, which suggest its use as a food supplement. Finally, this review aims to show the latest advances of fucoxanthin from seaweeds in the extraction procedure, chemical label, and bioactivities in the development of third generation biorefineries and round bioeconomy. This commodity is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

... The yield of xylan can reach 76.57 %. Additionally, Liu et al. (2017) illustrated that the extraction rate of xylan from corn stalks subjected to screw extrusion tin achieve 78 % under the condition of twenty % NaOH. Regrettably, non merely the processing was complicated, but the cost is higher, with made it is difficult to be promoted widely. ...

Corn stalks, equally an agricultural biomass resource, were generally burned or discarded, which non only leads to environmental pollution but also a waste material of resources. To study the high-value use of resources, the extraction of xylan from corn stalks was carried out in this investigation. First, mechanical pretreatment was developed to change the internal structure of raw materials. Then the alkali-extractable xylan was isolated by a P-E method (adjusting the pH of the hydrolysate to separate lignin first, and so add ethanol to precipitate xylan). From the SEM, XRD, and sugar analysis, it was shown that the pretreatment materials with a more obvious displacement of cobweb and lower crystallinity were easier to exist hydrolyzed. And over 85 % xylan and about 80 % lignin could be removed from corn stalks under a lower alkali concentration. Besides, the yield of xylan increased from 45.80 % to fourscore.60 % by different mechanical pretreatment ways. The structural backdrop of xylan were characterized by Ion Chromatography, FT-IR, thermo-gravimetric analysis, molecular weights, and NMR. Results proved that xylan had a backbone of d-xylp with a β-(1→four)-linkage attached with α-50-Araf and 4-O-Me-α-d-GlcpA. This work introduced a physic-chemical xylan extraction route from corn stalks, which is promising in the biorefinery process.

... opretreatment using the strain P3 on glucan, xylan and lignin contents of the pretreated corn stover were markedly different from non-pretreated corn stover ( Table i). The non-pretreated corn stover contained 26.82% glucan, 25.98% xylan and 21.90% acid insoluble lignin (Table 1), which were similar with the results obtained from previous enquiry (Liu et at. 2013). Later on five d pretreatment by the strain P3, the corn stover had a xylan content of 21.74% showing a signi cant declined and the content of glucan was increased to 31.54% (Table 1), indicating the xylan (hemicellulose) was rst decomposed past the high-content xylanase (135.sixty U 1000 − 1 ) produced past the strain P3, thus, the cellulose would the ...

The biological pretreatment for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomasses largely depends on an effective pretreatment process. A significant enhancement of enzymatic saccharification was obtained with corn stover using Bacillus sp. P3. The hemicellulose removal from corn stover past the strain Bacillus sp. P3 was evaluated for enhancing subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Therefore, our study revealed that an alkaline resistant xylanase produced by Bacillus sp. P3 in fermentation broth led to a essentially enhanced hemicellulose removal rate from corn stover within pH 9.36–9.68. However, later on 20 d pretreatment of corn stover by the strain P3, the glucan content was increased by 51% and the xylan content was decreased by 35%. Later on 72 h of saccharification using twenty U g − ane of commercial cellulase, the yield of reducing saccharide released from twenty d pretreated corn stover was increased past 56% in comparison to the untreated corn stover. Therefore, the use of the strain P3 could be a promising approach to pretreat corn stover for enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis process of industrial bioenergy productions.